Maalox And Black Stool

The dawn of Wittenberg.

From the door of Wittenberg, ring hammer blows are coming from further blows, blows whose strength comes on the day of Pentecost.

's 95 theses nailed on October 31, 1517 at the gate were an event that affected not only his time (and boy, did), but its magnitude exceeded its space and time, so it is always appropriate to reflect on their implications which remain as valid today as yesterday, as usual.

Considerations on Reform:

Cicero said "Magistra vitae est History" History is teacher of life.
Therefore it is necessary to distinguish between different conceptualizations of the Reformation, as they determine understanding and affect our view of it, its origin and its environment. Because
finally weighed in our approach to an event experienced in the history of mankind, which had tremendous impact on the future social, political and religious, whatever our theological position and even those who do not.

First, there is a historical-cultural concept, which was coined over 100 years ago, where Luther is weighted as the key architect that base structure that lead to the German language. Idea exaggerated, but shows the importance of the translation of Scripture into the language of Germanic people. Likewise
projects him as a champion of the liberation of reason and praised as a humanitarian for his interpretations of man as being "imago Dei."
Through these premises can be linked with Erasmus and humanism, an elucidation that no longer enforced. Because Luther
away all pose shining on humans, however it displays the inability to achieve that for which it was created, but there is a divine intervention that affects entirely.
And no wonder, because the Reform nourishes its roots in scriptural concepts (biblically speaking), where the vision of man answers his own reality. There
an inescapable contradiction between the two visions.
And throughout the history of this 490 years from Wittenberg to the present day, man continues to certify this biblical vision that has nothing to do with the prevailing optimism with humanism.
Man is rather pointless and innocent, so do not be confused with humanism Reform start from different assumptions and reach different conclusions. Ergo
historical-cultural concept of the reform fails in a fundamental and diverges to an interpretation violated.

Now to the nationalist interpretation of the Reformation, embodied in the Nazi ideologue Paul de Lagarde and which is supported National Socialism, in their desperate search to connect with the roots of being a German national.
It shows Luther as the paradigm of German hero who rises against the oppression and humiliation to which the nation was under Germanic, by the power represented in the Roman curia. Beyond
political manipulation of ethnicity, this amazing flawed interpretation, which makes a total falsehood.
can not argue that Luther loved and had strong ties to their village, but had in his life a most important foundation that drove him.

His statement is clear:

"When Germany bury the last of their pastors, will bury itself. "

Again Luther expresses what is infallible and eternal, what remains and is really important ultimately is no national nor racial. And he's focused on perpetuating this forever, the Word of God.

Another possible interpretation is the religion, in its three aspects, Protestant, Roman and independent.
The first formulation, puts on a veneer theological reality institutional confrontation does not end with the earthly, but the field is fixed in dogmatic.
Luther's theological statement is not debatable because of its strong foundation Bible, but tying this formulation to the purely dialectical, cancels key aspects of the Reformation and difficult to understand, for example, its survival nearly five centuries later.
Interestingly, the basis of this difficulty rests on historical ignorance, in particular the context of the Reformation and the history of the Church.

From Roman orthodoxy interprets the Reformation as the major disaster that struck the man in the sixteenth century (and susbsiguientes), and dragged him outside the Church (Roman Catholic).
ensure that reform drives the Christian to a "casus belli" divisional and even secularism based posterior shoulder in thoughts born in Wittenberg.
This subterfuge is called history. Secularism does not
dwells on the Reformation, but the progress of reason from natural science and human knowledge. It is the human intellect, from a secular view, what differentiates it from an irrational animal. Therefore naturally opposed to man's vision from the scriptures. Finally

position, which could be defined as independent, says the Reformation in its true setting: the History of the Church.
It envisions a dimension Luther reformer, your search is a restoration, in a more strongly orthodox renewal.
His thesis suggests the change of the existing, rather than creating something new. According to the thought of Luther, the Roman institution was deformed and had a course of abandonment of biblical truth, it was necessary to return to the roots.
It is not intended as a rebel or a revolutionary, but rather as someone who calls what there is to reform (in its essential nature). In any case, never considers the possibility of a new institution, a new church.

therefore can be said that the force of the hammer is at Pentecost Wittenberg, the Protestant Church is not born on October 31, 1517, there emerges a new church, the Reformation is a vital link in the history of the Church that is born on the first day of Pentecost and until then we can trace the origins of the Protestant Reformation.

Dawn of Wittenberg, is the dawning of the Church at Pentecost.


CEIHE

Author's note: Much of this work, summarized here as an outline, based on the works (mostly translated) of authors like J. Atkinson, G. Bergmann, D. Olivier, A . Greiner, J. Grau, H, Liljie and the new perspective that is working Daniel Pisoni and his research team insertive aspects of the Reformation in Western thought.

Godmother Christening Cards

400 years of the Bible in Italian.

In this year 2007 meet 400 years of the Italian translation of the Bible. Enormous effort made by Giovanni Diodati, Italian linguist, pastor and theologian who served reformed to the extent of the Scriptures, translating not only Italian but also working as a reviewer for the French version of Olivetan 1643. Giovanni Diodati

born in 1576, was a native of Geneva, a city where his family had fled from Italy, arrived from Lyon, unleashed after the persecution of Protestants in France.
His father, years before in Lucca had made contact with Protestant ideas through Pier Vermigli

is dedicated to the study of Hebrew and Aramaic languages \u200b\u200bin Herborn, Germany, a place where making contact with Jan A. Comenius, Althusius, Johann Fischer latter translator of the Bible in Bern.

His theological studies he taught at the Academy are the Geneva Reformed by Teodoro di Beza, who had succeeded John Calvin
soon obtained a doctorate in theology and chair professor of Hebrew. Later in 1608, is appointed rector at the Academy itself and will remain as a teacher for nearly fifty years. As a theologian
also intervene in the Synod of Dort, 1619, which defined various aspects of the reformed doctrines.

always be defined as Italian, Although born in Geneva land, to the point that in his first entry in his Bible translation in 1607 will also refer as "the nation di Lucca."
His Italian heritage, evidenced in his fervent desire to give the Italian people, the possibility of knowing the Holy Scriptures in their own language and therefore undertook the great task of translating.
will be like in 1607 in Geneva will be the first translation from the original languages \u200b\u200bof the Bible into Italian completed, and until then Italian Protestants used versions of the New Testament translated by Massimo Teofilo and former Benedictine frate Edoardo Reuss. There will be a second version
revised will be released in 1641.

Diodati essential for your work will be faithful to the sacred text and secondly the clarity, understanding that was key to the proper interpretation of the Word of God.
also meet this translation, a key role in the literacy of the people, in many cases, work done by Italian Protestants.

Since its inception it this Bible will be persecuted, banned, burned and opposed by the Roman Catholic strongly opposed to their dissemination. Giovanni Diodati
died in 1649 in Geneva, a city where he developed most of its activity. Their work and effort, despite strong opposition gave away all the evidence and remains today, four years later, the Bible used by evangelicals Italians, popularly called "the Diodati." Link

preferred Italian Bible Society

How To Tie Aplo Arab Scarf

Burma alone with his executioners. Virtual Herodotus to CEIHE



The unfortunate situation that the Burmese people today and for decades, can not leave us indifferent. The days of peaceful protests led by monks against the ruling regime headed by a corrupt and brutal military rule, is in terrible danger of being drowned in blood.

Throughout history we have witnessed many such episodes, of varying magnitude, but always tinged with the most absolute tragedy. We can not stop quickly recall the Prague Spring, Budapest, Tiananmen, etc.. Because there is a tragedy when human rights are systematically violated and silenced his claim by force of who holds power of arms.

However, as horrific reality is only possible when there are other elements that come together to make this possible. Factors of power, regional equilibrium strategies and global economic, socio-political, indolent indifference ...
In the case of Burma, without attempting a gross simplification, we note three components gravitantes.

Inaction Chinese giant's accomplice (the same China of the Olympic Games 2008) by action or omission that allows this human catastrophe and should not surprise anyone. China has its own history of lack of freedom, brutal repression and shameful persecution of dissidents in the past 60 years, until today.

The inability of the West, and now comes to us, to articulate truly effective measures to limit and mitigate this type of dictatorial regimes and monstrous, we evidence that the ideals of freedom and democracy so dear to Western culture are just a longing too distant for the Burmese people.

Burma in 1988 suffered at the hands of the same military junta bloody and fierce, a clear demonstration of effective methods that are always willing to use his tormentors, to silence all claims of essential freedoms. The international community objected to a greater or lesser extent, with different flats. But the course has not changed and the test parts we refer. Finally a passive observation, tinged with condemnation safe.

The obvious question of this editorial is, free societies on this side of the globe: Have we learned anything from Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge? Never more true than history is also a matter of survival. Daniel

Pisoni (Under the auspices of CEIHE)

Multiplication Chart 1 - 30

With the start of the new academic year, it was decided that the Blog is incorporated into the Virtual Herodotus CEIHE (Center for Studies and Research on History of Europe).

Its role in Castilian language will disseminate the Centre's activities, as well as reviews of research papers, studies and projects of the different components of CEIHE.

will continue to maintain the entries made since its inception, while no substantial changes to the line of thought brought up here as it responds to the ideology of values \u200b\u200bthat underpin the CEIHE. Sincerely

. Address
CEIHE

Diagrams Of Sailbot Labled

The Hitler's personal prisoner.

When referring to Pastor Martin Niemöller, comes to mind the famous poem that appears below:






First they came for the Communists,
but I was not a communist
not raised my voice.
Then they came for the socialists and trade unionists,
but as I was not one of the two,
did not raise my voice.
Then they came for the Jews,
and since I'm not Jewish,
not raised my voice.
Then they came for me,
no one was left to raise his voice to defend
.


This is just one of countless versions of the poem. It is actually part of a response that Niemöller gave when he inquired about how this could be the rise of Nazism in Germany from 1933 to 1945.

unique character of the twentieth century Germany. Encarna perhaps like no other German citizen who feels cheated by Hitler, but in no way prepared to be part of that evil system.
son of a Lutheran pastor, was born in Lippstadt January 14 1892.Se joined the Imperial Navy during World War 1 (submarine commander arrived) and was awarded the Order of Merit. Moved from initial approval to Hitler and being a valued figure by the Nazi press, the deepest disappointment and fierce opposition to the Hitler regime.

His book, autobiography, "From the submarine to the pulpit." Was well received, in the early thirties, by critics sympathetic to National Socialism. In his work not only described the process that led to a sea German U-Boot, a pastor in one of the most respected churches in the Berlin of the upper classes. It also reflected the expectation of the time.
however, was not only the chronicle of his days of war, or the testimony of a spiritual awakening, was also the feeling of a German citizen who saw with deep concern the threat of communism and the degradation of the national spirit that had been occurring in recent years. But while Hitler was receiving, the hope of national unity and a restoration of German dignity after the humiliation of the Treaty of Versailles meant. Weighed on him, too, the deep dissatisfaction that produced the Weimar Republic.

pastor had been ordained in 1924 and seven years later he was appointed head of the Berlin-Dahlem congregation and is in that position where he begins to discover the reality that Hitler's government seeks to impose.
In principle, as many Germans, was auspiciously the advent of Hitler. But the rapid initial maneuvers to subdue the Protestant Church to the Nazi supervision, the development of a framework of totalitarian power, the enactment of anti-Jewish laws and immoral, abuse and terror Niemöller made an indomitable opponent.

A count of the Barmen Declaration in 1934, the confrontation with the Nazi government will be irreversible. The friction will be constant as far as Hitler discovered how difficult it was to silence the Confessing Church (Kirche Bekennende), at the heart and as one of the main leaders was Martin Niemöller.
resistance
The work carried out by Niemöller, both the Pfarrebund (League of support for pastors repressed by Hitler), which was one of the founders, as in the Confessing Church, were fundamental.

In 1934, Martin Niemöller had the opportunity to meet with Hitler, when he invited the leaders of the evangelical churches, to smooth things over and throwing the criticism he received from the sector that was opposed to his plans. Hitler was friendly and tried to calm her, assuring that the church reaches excimisión continue enjoying the tax, as well as legal cover, so you should not feel threatened. But Niemöller and asked to speak to the Führer retorted, rejecting the submission attempt he hoped Hitler, said: "Our concern is not only the Church, is for the soul of our country."
Nobody seemed to support you in that statement and then the silence was icy, it is clear that Niemöller was not speaking for everyone here, but a personal basis. In fact, the surprise was total for all present, including Hitler was not used to such challenges and was limited only to reply: "The soul of Germany Leave it to me."

Approaching the 1936 Olympics is held in Berlin, Pastor Niemöller wrote to his colleagues:

"Our people (the Germans) is trying to break the bonds placed by God. That is human conceit against God. In this connection we must warn the Führer, who often worship offered to him, is only due to God. Years ago the Führer complain about the existence of pictures on the altars of the Protestant Churches. Today his thoughts are not only used as a basis for policy decisions, but also for morality and law. Now he is surrounded by the dignity of a priest and even considered an intermediary between man and God ... We ask that you give our people their freedom to follow his path to the future under the cross of Christ, that our grandchildren will curse their ancestors for having left things in such a state in the soil so they will be denied entry into the kingdom of God. "

And shortly before his imprisonment, he preached in a sermon at his church in Berlin -Dahlem:

"We must use our powers to free from the oppressive hand of authority as did the Apostles of old. We are not willing to remain silent by command of man when God commands us to speak. For it is, and Must Remain, the case That We Must Obey God Rather Than Man. ".

On July 1, 1937 was arrested on charges of abusing his position to promote subversion. His arrest sparked
a wave of indignation beyond borders, to the point that international pressure made the case to be handled with some semblance of legality in a time when all opposition was silenced violently.

receive Shortly after the visit of a Lutheran pastor. This is strange that a man's predicament Niemöller, who had so valiantly served their country in war and whom he considered a patriot and a faithful Christian, he was imprisoned. He asked, then, incredulously, how he was there, what Niemöller said: "Dear brother, seeing how things are in our country, I also wonder how you 're not here with me? "

In March 1938 on trial. It is also known that when the judge rebuked him how he dared to disobey the Fuhrer. Martin Niemöller said, "I can not keep quiet because my God is my Führer."

finally found guilty, was sentenced in 2000 Reichsmarks and seven months in prison. Shortly after serving his sentence and be free was arrested again, this time by direct order of Hitler as their "personal prisoner" and sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp. In 1941 it sent to Dachau, in solitary confinement. From there would come when he was released by American troops at the end of the war in 1945.
had been eight years since his first arrest. At that time a younger daughter, had died of diphtheria and two of his sons in the front.

At the time of release, one of his first initiatives was to convene what is now known as the "Stuttgart Confession of guilt" held in 1946.En she acknowledged the guilt and responsibility that corresponded to Evangelical Church, by omission, by silence, by the complicity that led to such attitudes. Finally not being faithful to the Gospel.

said: "We can not deny our guilt with the excuse that if he would have killed me done something. We prefer to keep silent. We are certainly not innocent and I wonder: What would have happened if in 1933 or 1934, 14,000 Protestant pastors and all Protestant communities in Germany had defended the truth until death? If we said: It is wrong to confine Goering in concentration camps 100,000 people to die. I can imagine that perhaps 30,000 to 40,000 Protestant Christians had died, but it is also possible to assume that would have rescued 30 or 40 million people. That was the cost of our silence. "

Al Pastor Martin Niemöller is remembered today as one of the few who survived Hitler resistant scheme Nazi.
For some contradictory figure, others defending champion of freedom of conscience. In any case, it is undeniable that it was someone who committed their time, he never sought to hide and that time for reflection, not hide, nor apologized, his fault, not his mistakes or his guilt.

would die in Wiesbaden in 1984, after the postwar years were devoted mainly to combat nuclear arms race, becoming a figurehead of pacifism. Just him, he had suffered in his flesh, the madness of power in the most abject fanaticism which represented the Third Reich and the danger of silence accomplice.

Wedding Card Messages For Family

Visit to Dachau concentration camp.

(It was a time I wanted to go down to Munich, there were some things he wanted to see in the university, but also wanted to visit the Dachau concentration camp, a short train ride from there. Here I post my impressions that continue to question me about the human condition or more specifically, on human inhumanity ..)

Introduction:

The Dachau Concentration Camp was the first concentration camp set up by Hitler. It was the March 22, 1933, shortly after Adolf Hitler came to power as Reichskanzeler, and meant to internalize it political prisoners. Its original capacity was to house 5000 people, although in its last stage was crowded contain more than 30000.
A barracks designed for 200 people came to shelter at 1600.
Among the main field and the annexes (Aussenlanger), between 1933 and 1945 were detained over 200000 people across Europe and found almost a quarter of death upon him. Dachau
incident also served as a model for the fields that would be installed later in Germany and neighboring countries in school murderers of the SS.

I was hard to find, including references and official instructions given by the villagers. The difficulty would luego.
Al acercarme a él uno va teniendo la sensación de ir descendiendo a lo más abyecto de la barbarie humana. Más aún, cuando sabes que ese mismo camino era el que los prisioneros recorrían luego de descender de los trenes que los habían traído hasta allí.

Unas oficinas a la entrada del campo ofrecen información y distintos materiales explicativos referentes a las actividades allí desarrolladas, luego hemos de atravesar las rejas que hacen de entrada y que aún conservan la tristemente conocida inscripción en hierro forjado: “ARBEIT MACHT FREI ” (el trabajo os hace libres).

El campo.

Dachau fue una clara muestra que una the first will of Hitler, was thought to silence any opposition or dissent. There are many men of the SS, the Nazi leaders, etc. learned the skills, organization, management and methods of extermination.

Its first occupants were communists, social democrats, monarchists, then joined him for a while common convicts with a sentence of imprisonment and are considered accomplished but also, (as well as political opponents of the regime) a danger to society. The latter are not infrequently become informers and spies of his colleagues in the service of the SS.
then be sent there to Jews (After Kristallnacht admitted more than 10000), gypsies, religious and Lutheran pastor Niemöller and others (I visited the small cell where he was imprisoned for seven years) and all who constitute, in the eyes of the regime a threat to security. After the beginning of world war, also would add prisoners of all countries at war with Germany, members of resistance movements, etc. Paradoxically

the beginning of the war brought hope to the prisoners. From there existed the possibility that the defeat of the Third Reich, also mean freedom, if they could survive. That is why the statistics field notice a significant drop in suicide rates from the beginning of the conflagration, which previously was particularly high.

prisoner's life.

As soon reached the prisoner to comprehend their new situation.
was homeless and without rights, physical beatings, insults and humiliation would be commonplace. A number and a triangle of fabric color (different in each case, it was a political prisoner or elsewhere) clearly identified him and left him at the mercy of their captors.

What awaited him was nothing more than farm work, hunger to malnutrition, fatigue to fall, brutality and sadism of the guards.
The long hours of daily work exceeding 12 hours, the long marches round the country to their places of work, training to control, etc. leaving almost no time for physical rest. If we add more to poor nutrition, we found a high number of deaths from what is known as "extermination through work." Since

wartime labor representing became very important for production. Those who had no work in the field itself (workshops, forges, etc.) Was sent to work outside the field in quarries, construction or repair of roads, etc. Even today it is possible to see work done by prisoners, particularly caught my attention a wooden desk that some prisoners used to write letters to their families. When you touch me seemed to feel the pain of those days.

Private companies could also obtain prisoners to work as slave labor. When one was sick or unable to work because of the weakness was sent to the field again (what amounted to a death sentence) and replaced with one that would work in the same inhumane conditions until exhaustion.

Hunger was a problem particularly acute, watery soup, a piece of bread and little else were insufficient for the kind of lives they led and shortened their survival hopes. Among the prisoners the theft of bread was particularly regarded as a violation of the principle of solidarity, given that steal food from a partner could mean death by malnutrition of this. The
unable to work only received half the ration of a common prisoner. Poor nutrition
in turn makes them susceptible to all sorts of diseases and epidemics that never failed to decimate their ranks. Every day more than a hundred died in prison and up to two hundred times as when a typhus epidemic devastated the country in December 1944. These conditions worsened over the course of the war. In the last four months of war killed more than 13000 people.

physical punishment of the guards were brutal.
A maxim which came into operation in Dachau and extended as first councilor to the other areas until the end of the war said: "Being tolerant means being weak .." so each call judged on its own alleged lack of prisoners and penaba. These faults could be as small as one-button jacket lost, a wrong answer or dirt on the block and its worth 25 lashes without any faint (but it started again), hanging for hours, sit for several days continued to weather chaining, etc. to the maximum penalty. Sometimes
SS guards offered a rope to hang the prisoner also, if he chose. Quite a few opted for this rapid death.

The horror in the form of medical expirementación.

The Dachau concentration camp were also conducted medical experiments on prisoners, using them as guinea pigs.
The purpose of the experiments were to improve the chances of survival or cure of the German soldiers, could suffer frostbite, crippling injuries, illnesses, infections.
atrociously These experiments ended the lives of many prisoners.
Some experiments were conducted, among others, the Dr.Claus Schilling, a renowned specialist in tropical medicine. 1100 prisoners infected with malaria in the search for a treatment for this disease, trying different methods.

Another experiment was conducted by a doctor of military aircraft and was Dr.Siegmund Rascher decompression chamber tests to see how he could react the body of a pilot under a sudden decompression. Nearly 200 prisoners were used in this experiment, which killed about 80.

field in the exhibition could be seen written reports, these monsters with title doctor performed, there could be read :"... the formation of emboli to various subjects immersed in water, to cause death, unable to recover the knowledge that ... "

how much experimentation was also cool human body could withstand before collapsing, Professor Dr.Finke Holzlöhner and collaborate on them.
was artificially caused tuberculosis, sepsis and infections to test several different biochemical antiseptics.

And this is proposed, directed and performed educated, recognized in their professions, whose vocation called them to be sensitive to human pain.

The different forms of execution or annihilation.


Another way of extermination, was the systematic implementation of what the Nazis considered worthless, as the sick and disabled to work. Their backgrounds were in the euthanasia decree that the practice had become a mass murder of the mentally ill.
In 1941 he began to exit in the direction of Dachau Hartheim near Linz where they were executed by poison gas. They found death more than 3000 people.

The Gestapo had a special section of the field which lead to their arrest and interrogation of prisoners to keep some information it was of interest. They could also further order executions if they felt it.

After the occupation of France, came many French resistance, or suspected sympathizers, in what was called Operation Night and Fog. This was operating secret nocturnal and move to Germany and were known as the NN.

The Russians also received special treatment. Hitler had given orders that were treated outside the Geneva Laws which protect prisoners of war.
Those who were identified as political leaders should be shot immediately.
The dead Russian prisoners in Germany and countries occupied during the war amounted to more than 3,000,000
In one corner of the field is the range indicated that the SS used for the mass executions of Russian prisoners.

was also built a gas chamber, similar to those in Auschwitz, but was never used. Yes crematoria, which were increased to four, as the former was soon enough.

A chilling vision occurred to me to be standing in a hut next to the crematorium and see a picture of the last days of the camp, taken from my own position and perspective, which were visible a mountain of corpses waiting to be cremated. Conclusion

reflection mode.

acknowledge that I am still digesting and processing all that experience.
visit the facilities, barracks, offices of interrogation, the field, everything is silent witness to what man can do to man was a powerful experience for me.
Returning to my home in Hamel, in northern Germany, reflected on the human capacity of evil. His spawn and development, if possible to see the Nazis only as a historical aberration or whether truth is something much more dangerous. If something happened or that since he is a phenomenon that happened to man is likely to return occur. If so, what forms will then? Do remember a way to prevent?

In any case, I admired it with me made the visit to the field, with an administrative guide, a large group of officers of the military schools in Germany today. Dachau had the impression that I was talking specifically to them.

Megaman Nt Warrior Watch Online

Gloria Dei, homo vivens.


Again gabrindio.blogspot.com Gabriel Nance makes available to English-speaking readers, the interesting emerging thought in Latin American theology.
Today is the turn of the theologian and writer Ed René Kivitz, whose post in kivitzenespanol.blogspot.com , leave it to your account. Thanks Gabriel!.

Gloria Dei, homo vivens. Ed René
Kivitz

Atheism is a phenomenon of modernity. It was from the Enlightenment that made the distinction between faith and science, which worked to the rise of religious and secular camps. Modernity excluded God as a hypothesis to explain the universe and normalize social life. While religion explains the world with metaphysical claims sustained by faith, secularization uses the scientific method that shows the facts, against the arguments made there. What science can not prove it can not be imposed as a paradigm for social life, faith is the subject of individual and private.

Copernicus and Galileo started the collapse of theological explanations of the physical world. Karl Marx condemned religion as the opium of the people and an instrument of social alienation. Friedrich Nietzsche denounced the faith in God as an impediment to the development of authentic humanity. Sigmund Freud said the search for God as a manifestation of a rejection of maturity, an option for the childishness that insists on staying under the care of a God who is more like an over-protective father.

They all had in common the concern to emancipate human beings from scientific ignorance, oppression social, existential cowardice, psychological immaturity. His words denied God, but God said his intention with all the letters. As Queruga clarifies, atheism of modernity can be understood not as the denial of the divine, but as the affirmation of the human. Throw Modern

backfired. The "death of God" killed the man and the universe emptied of meaning, direction and meaning. And then came the liquid modernity (Bauman), when we already know that the human is not enough, science and technology are not sufficient, ideologies without supplement of soul and reason does not cover the whole of reality: "There more mysteries between heaven and earth than our vain philosophy dreams "Shakespeare decreed.

Here is the chance of rescuing religion, or rather of Christianity (the large bank convicted inmates of modernity). Now is the time to show that the dream of modern Christianity is made in the adult. Only from the faith and relationship with the transcendent, beyond the bounds of reason, human beings develop their full humanity. Christianity also wants the emergence of new man, or as St. Irenaeus of Lyons said in the second century: Gloria Dei, homo vivens and the glory of God is the man in the prime of his life.

Posted by Gabriel

Sheet Music Lisa Mitchell

Giuseppe Garibaldi and the unification of Italy.

today is met July 4, 2007, the bicentenary of the birth of Giuseppe Garibaldi
(see news in Italian) illustrate quasi-mythical figure in Italian history, which took a leading role in the unification of Italy.

was also a romantic idealist who enlisted in the struggles for freedom and against oppression on both continents to each side of the Atlantic.
believed in God but do not hesitate to confront the Roman Catholic institution represented in the power of the Papal State.
often contradictory, always determined and daring, known both defeat and persecution como las mieles de la victoria y el reconocimiento de los que luchaban bajo sus órdenes.
Fue un marino avezado que desde su juventud se interesó en la política , tomando parte en la surgente Giovane Italia de Giuseppe Mazzini.Esta formación tenía un ideario republicano unionista, donde convergían distintos elementos nacionalistas e independentistas románticos muy propios de esos tiempos.

Con la dirección de Mazzini se intentó un levantamiento en 1834 que fracasó rotundamente y que obligó a Garibaldi a huir a Brasil.
Allí pronto se uniría a un grupo de rebeldes compuesto por campesinos, agricultores y ganadores que luchaban contra la gestión corrupta y fraudulenta del gobierno central expoliaba.Con that oppressed them and they would proclaim the independence of the rich province of Rio Grande Do Sul, separating it from the Empire of Brazil. Finally defeated in 1839, moved to Uruguay.

Soon the struggles of the Argentine unit against federal rosistas wrapped both sides of the Rio de la Plata and Garibaldi was not alien to them.
In these lands is where it would settle the famous Italian Legion, the "red shirts", which would prevent the fall of Montevideo despite the tight site that had been imposed; unit fighting alongside the Argentine and Uruguayan nationality against Oribe troops supported by the dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas;
then his figure and is legendary for its value, and although the South American land had found his wife Anita and their first child was born Menotti, his desire to see a united Italy had not forgotten and 1848 returned to their homeland.

Italy was effervescent and King Charles Albet Piedmont Giuseppe Mazzini topped with a new uprising against Austrian rule (derived from the Congress of Vienna and its distribution in Europe) and its allies in Italy and the Papal States and Naples. After some setbacks
revolutionaries become strong in Rome and Venice, leading to the flight to Rome from Pope Pius IX and his plea for help Roman Catholic states of Spain and France.

Giuseppe Garibaldi is now in charge of military operations, it has forces in Lombardy, in addition to Roman patriots and faces the hosts of Austrian, Neapolitan, English and French commanded by General Oudinot. After a few initial successes, and despite the bravery and tenacity of the Italians managed to get into Rome Oudinot putting to flight bersaglieri Garibaldi and his army towards the Apennines.

In 1849 King Charles Albert abdicated and replaced his son Victor Emanuel II.
This in line with the Count of Cavour, who was then a sort of prime minister did intervene to stop French Napoleon III Piedmont join forces and fight the occupation Austrians. The coalition Franco-Piedmontese defeat the Austrians at the battles of Magenta and Solferino in 1859.
This would change the map of Italian unification. Milan join Piedmont and will continue Romagna, Parma, Tuscany, Modena .... the next target was now heading south.

Garibaldi and the Thousand (as it was his army of just over 1000 men) will face the conquest of Sicily and Naples include Francis II. The first will soon fall, mainly due to the massive influx of Sicilians to join Garibaldi's forces quickly increased their forces. The charisma and the legend of Garibaldi and the desire to throw off the yoke of the monarchy had been authoritarian and absolutist did the rest.
The conquest of Naples was more difficult, but the final battle against the Bourbon troops at Volturno gave victory and ultimate mastery of territory. At the same time

Piedmontese troops of Victor Emanuel II advanced from the north and defeated the papal armies defending Lazio. Soon after the forces of Garibaldi and King Victor Emanuel would be in the border of Naples. It was the historic October 26, 1860 when the gesture Garibaldi descended from his horse and greet the King of Italy would be immortalized as the recognition of the new order would prevail in Italy.

The next step was to wrest Trento to Venice and Austria. The Austro-Prussian war of 1866 facilitated this outcome and passed to Venice in Italy. Just left Rome.
In 1867 Garibaldi and his red shirts mixed lot facing the Papal and French armies, but not until the withdrawal of the French regiments in 1871 that the long-awaited entry into the Eternal City will be held in an irreversible manner.
On July 2, 1871 Victor Emanuel in Rome the glorious pronounced: "Qui e qui siamo resteremo" (Here we and here we'll stay).

Giuseppe Garibaldi died on June 2, 1882, in Caprera.
mythical figure, a revolutionary par excellence, fierce and brave as well let her tenacity in the cause of freedom where needed his sword chiaroscuro also apparent contradictions as to be a Republican, which establishes a king. However, we can see in it the pragmatic spirit of Italian patriot who knew his time to discern that the most important of his century was the unification of Italy and not rest until they materialized.
all Italians
Today we pay our tribute to this soldier for the freedom and unity of Italy.

Left for the final extract from the review written by The Times on the occasion of his death:

"The final emancipation of Italy is forever linked to the names of Victor Emanuel, Cavour and Garibaldi, but while the first two figures of this trio will certainly be the subject of deep study, in-depth investigations and a trial to establish the exact value of his historical work, the third appeal to the imagination as a reality of legend, something wonderful, elusive nature. .. "

London, June 5, 1882.

Pan Am Cologne Yardley

Karl Barth, Barmen and freedom of conscience.

Among the fundamental elements of the Bekennende Kirche (Confessing Church in English) we find the Barmen Synod, which took place between 29 and 31 May 1934, in Barmen, Germany and the declaration issued and authenticated by the 139 delegates sent by the church authorities. It was the first representation of a fledgling organization that was to oppose Hitler's plans Nazified Protestant Christianity.

correctly is often said that much of the theological foundation of the Barmen Declaration is due to the thought of Karl Barth and his statement: "The church must remain church and church must become." Here the view of the limits of secular state and the Church are clear and definitive and skills are different .
dogmatic speeches will be crucial because the arguments easily dismantled for Deutscher Christen leading to an autocracy of the State and its intervention in matters of faith and dogma. Barth

along the line of thought of Augustine and Luther, deepening the two areas of action (the two realms) are independent but subject to God.
The state has a divine character (authority to provide law and order), but this will imply a moral principle of respect for the Church to the State is a must see, if you want to have legitimacy. This leads, according to Barth to reject any theory of thought that claims that the State is the sole and total authority or that the Church is a state domain. Barth
At the same time say that the struggle of the Church is spiritual and not political, and thus renounces the Church to intervene on land not his own. We

this post to highlight only some general aspects that help us to a primary approach to this important historical fact. We're going to do from the theological, but the interaction with the political moment is real and therefore inevitable; observe the argument from a biblical perspective.

Its relevance is given because this statement revealed the true essence of Christian Bekennende Kirche in contrast to the proposal Deutscher Christen the Reich Church or seeking a referral of Christianity to racist and totalitarian ideas of Hitler.

Barmen is a basic theological statement, strongly Christocentric, which consisted of six key points, based on the Bible, where it gets high the sovereignty of Christ over every other power on the part of man. In this case, says his refusal to consider the State as a source of revelation, or independent power of God. This was something I advocated the DC to strengthen the dominance of state Hitler in the eyes of believers.

The first point: Based on John 14:6 and John 10:1-9. Says Christ as the only Word of God and rejects (Damnatio) makes it possible to find in other commands (events or powers, pointing to the state of the Reich) the revelation of God.

The second point: Based on 1 Cor.1 :29-31 says there is no area of \u200b\u200blife that is not subject to the lordship of Christ (Christ is our Fuehrer and Lord of all). It affirms the authority and supremacy of Christ who has redeemed us and therefore reject any replacement for any other entity.

The third point: Arguing in Ephesians 4:14-16 says the church as a community of believers belong to Christ and must preach the Gospel. Disputes be subject to state power.

The fourth point: Seated Matthew 20:25-26 states that the Church should serve (Christ as an example) and refutes any notion of hierarchical entity with dominant purpose.

The fifth point: Grounded in 1 Peter 2:17 accepts the state as civil authority in the order of God to man, but opposes the Church must conform as his appendix. In this way, feel free to state care in the conduct of their duties.

The sixth point: Established in Matthew 28:20 and 2 Timothy 2:9 postulates that the Church must obey the command of Christ, that is their mission and the Word can not be imprisoned. Clearly

which clearly establishes the limits that the state had in their relationship with the Church and that the only answer to Christ and was not in any way obliged to submit to the Hitler regime.
Your basement will be the order of Christ's redemption (the return of Christ from Luther and conscience of sinners redeemed) and therefore a strong support in the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
At the other extreme was the idea of \u200b\u200ban order from the creation revelational who argued the DC and stated mandates, authorities and different rules to the Gospel, blended with an anthropological view, optimistic self IXX century and scientific man.

Barmen Declaration proclaims Christ as the Word of God and as Lord of His Church (Christ is the essence of the Protestant dogma.) Deny that there may be other sources of authority equivalent to it.
testifies that obedience is obedience to Christ and Christ is God's revelation. It is then legitimate theological submission to other revelations (like the story events present or earthly powers), that is to fall into false doctrines.
This is of interest to note the underlying idea that German history suggests that this (1934) does not have to be God's providence. In other words, the political and social reality is not the will of God.

The seat firmly in the Christian foundation without argument left the DC value. The confrontation in the field of theology was largely in favor of Bekennende Kirche at the expense of DC and biased reading of the Bible and the writings of Martin Luther. The concept of revelation was crucial because with this cast down the arguments that led, accepting other sources revelatory of the will of God, Hitler and his regime were emerging part of the divine.

From a pose ethical Barmen Declaration does not deny the authority of the State or subject to the civil, but the limit of that subject is the Word of God. The Church must obey when the state out of the frames of the Gospel, because the state is also subject to the sovereignty of God.

The Christian empire of the redemptive work of Jesus Christ carried out subject to it in all walks of life. There are no areas where Christ is not sovereign.
The Church consists of all believers is free (and Christ) of bonds to meet its mandate to serve others.

For a full understanding must not lose sight of the political moment of Germany and the context of pressure and subjugation that the DC and the Nazi regime had over the ordinary believer. This statement gives the theological support to all those who watched with concern and fear the progressive course that was carrying some of the Protestant churches; especially those associated with the regime.
was definitely a statement supporting freedom of conscience of Christians against the intention of ideological domination by a totalitarian government.

Transgender Hormones North Carolina

Heinrich Bullinger, a reformer forgotten. Historikerstreit

forgotten Among Protestant history we can certainly tell Heinrich Bullinger.
His name is always associated with the best-known reformers such as Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, etc.pues with all of them had direct contact, but there is little that has been written about him, taking into account their contribution to the history and Protestant theology. Perhaps the long shadow
Zwingli hide it, but the fact is that Heinrich Bullinger was his successor, provided both the Swiss Reformation as its predecessor and has its own reasons to claim their place in history.

Enrolled in Reformed Protestantism, Bullinger was born in the town of Bremgarten, on July 4, 1504 in the Swiss canton of Aargau, the son of the village priest. Rhineland and studied at the University of Cologne, at that time, strongly Roman Catholic, to the point that it would be the only condemn the writings of Luther in 1519.
deep study of the Fathers of the Church, he was persuaded of the Bible as the only rule of faith, beyond the teaching of the Roman Institution and the reading of Luther's works led him the truth of the Gospel. Once

Master of Arts degree in 1523 returned to Switzerland and began working with Zwingli at Kappel, and later in Zurich, studying Hebrew and Greek and dedicated to teaching.
In 1528 he was appointed pastor and assumes the work in his hometown, shortly after marrying. Curiously, it would behoove
preach in the same church where he exercised his father, who was dismissed a few years before becoming a Protestant Christian faith. Now that the city had accepted the Reformation, his son took care of the flock.

When in 1931 following the cantonal wars, the city becomes the hands of the forces of the papacy, Bullinger was forced to emigrate to Zurich where he remained for 44 years. Zwingli
By then he had seen in the young Bullinger the endowments of a successor capable of carrying out all steps concerning the affirmation of the Reformation in German Switzerland. And he was right. Bullinger
make contact with all the reformers of the early days of Protestantism and chart a path of unity and tolerance among the reformist currents that continues today.

developed literary and scholarly profuse apostolicity defending Protestantism. He also wrote commentaries on almost all the books of the Bible and the history of the Reformation in Switzerland. Mainly bare a work of fifty doctrinal sermons, called Decades, which would be of strong influence in his time. The content was sitemático doctrinal and quickly became popular and was translated into other languages \u200b\u200blike French.

was also a devoted shepherd his flock. His life is an example of integrity, humility and service to others. When Zwingli died in the Battle of Kappel, he took charge of his widow and children. He was admired for his austerity, sacrifice and act beyond reproach.

Epistógrafo fruitful, wrote some 12,000 letters, he corresponded with the leading Protestant theologians and leaders in English, Italian, German, , French, etc. Melanchthon, Bucer, Calvin, Knox.
His relationship with Luther was difficult to separate the question of the sacrament, as his predecessor had left Zwingli established in 1529 in Marburg, but also the misunderstanding of Luther and his dogmatic action that always faced with the Swiss.
contrast with Calvin, whom he met in 1536, the ratio was more fluid, in fact, the correspondence with the theologian of Geneva is very abundant, unable to speak of submission, it is clear that both were respected and this made it possible to sign Consensus of Zurich in 1549 that led to the unification of the Swiss Reformed traditions of origin both of Geneva represented by Calvin, as represented by source Zwinglian Bullinger. It rejects both transubstantiation, as consubstantiation, and affirms the idea of \u200b\u200bthe spiritual presence of Christ in the sacrament.

is important to note two aspects of transcendental thought of Heinrich Bullinger for his time, one is the denial of arms to settle religious disputes. And the other as outlined by Zwingli, the doctrine of the Covenant, the spiritual unity of the community (civil and church) in relation to God.

Among the most significant contributions Bullinger can not fail to mention the Second Helvetic Confession in 1566, which sets out clearly and simply the doctrine Christian and was accepted by the Reformed churches not only in Switzerland but also from Scotland, France and Hungary.

His death in September 1575, left behind a life entirely devoted to the work of God, through the Reformation and bequeath to future generations a strong Christian foundation, theological, doctrinal and exemplary life.

Celiac Disease Urine Symptoms

was left pending from a few weeks ago to briefly mention the "Dispute of the historians" or Historikerstreit, in German.

When the German historian Ernest Nolte in 1986 published in the newspaper German Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung his thoughts about the rise of Nazism, their development and action in the first half of the twentieth century, played one of the fibers, but the more sensitive of German society. Mainly because it pointed to
German National as a defensive response to the Bolshevik Soviet communism. And that, for example, the Holocaust (remember that in Germany denying the Holocaust is a crime) was an overreaction to what the Soviet Communists and Hitler had made a radical exacerbated and deplorable, but ultimately a defender Germany to the external threat.

The premise and had some background, especially when tracks in German historicism (Mommsen).
Historicism traced the history in a deterministic way, relying on evidence that there are laws that can be discovered and that govern the development of history.
From this perspective, the conservatives advocated the thesis of a "Sonderweg" or road that slid German social history, where the Nazis occupied the site of a strange anomaly that were responsible for Hitler and his clique. Parallel
German historians like James Taylor or Alan Hoogen the 60 billed at similar theories, Hitler proclaimed a opportunist who is building his power and making decisions based on mistakes and weaknesses of the opposition and the European powers.

At the same time we found that there were other historians like Eberhard Jäckel Hans Rosenberg or other lines that were historiographical and saw the rise of Nazism and its heyday as a logical and inevitable in the path of belligerence, expansionism and militarism that had been giving Prussia in Germany since 1700. Historians such as Andreas
Hillgruber or Hildebrands, meanwhile, rejected the proposal of a product of the Nazi Germany of his own political future history. Ernest Nolte

he had written in the 60's a book entitled "Der in seiner Epoche Faschismu" trying to fascism as a kind of anti-modernist, it is negative, primitive theories left to enlist in the National revisionism as "Reaktion". His article "The past does not pass" in the Frankfurter ignited the debate.

The dispute soon transcend the limits of historians and social and political would at the same time. The teacher and philosopher Jurgen Habermas confronted him from thinking of the German intellectual left.
The discussion was public, media and political ethics, it diverged in two directions, the first being "German guilt" and the second a rebirth of nationalism German while sharing the burden of responsibility, basically, with the emergence of the Bolshevik threat.


The questions began to be clear: There is continuity and therefore a logical and expected in German history, connecting this segment of history, national socialism in the early 30's, with militarism, identity and Prussian tradition? Or was the product of a National series of external circumstances (for anti-Bolshevik reaction Nolte) that Hitler had used concurrently and therefore exceptionally had appeared in the story? Continuity or Rupture? Did Hitler a preconceived plan with objectives previously (to the coming to power) defined? Or it was just a magician's intuitive international interactions with German society? Is it possible to historicize the Holocaust? Is the Holocaust a singularity?

There are several elements of weight that is necessary, although many of them contradictory, evaluating. For example, the "continuity" was something that Hitler himself said, but they will breed themselves Prussian conservatives who are closer to physically remove it.
consider the racial aspect of the scheme, which leads to extreme crime unique in the history of mankind, to be something typical of National Socialism and that it exerts very powerful distinctive history. But also necessary to assess the density of anti-Semitism in Germany of the early twentieth century, its origin and development.

If the Holocaust is not historicized, from the point of view of the comparison (not from the relativity), we find a unique phenomenon, with clear responsibilities and unique.
If we place it as an unfortunate event, as sad as others that occurred throughout the history of mankind, its leaders are as guilty as others.
On the other hand, if the National, their actions and consequences were an expected result the evolution of German history from two centuries earlier is a definite fault lies with the collective. But if the Nazi regime was the product of a series of interactions, internal and external, where the figure of Hitler emerges as alien to German history, and there is a trigger factor (in case the Bolshevik threat), then the syndrome guilt, tends to blur in a larger context.

In conclusion we can say that the debate is much broader than we can cover here and these are only approximations to a particularly complex matter involving a German company in the perception of that past, its history and tragedy.

Jurgen Habermas spoke of "historical consciousness" of public use of history, perhaps there lies its importance in determining what it is for the companies of today to stand before history's own recent past, without taboos, but with the responsibility know, that past, for better or for worse this condition their mind and probably will mark its future.

Female Chest Sitting Play

victims of history and Walter Benjamin.



Walter Benjamin is a thinker who has long wanted to note at this blog, mainly because of their sensitivity to the victims of violence in human history, building on his speech (not deconstruction) memory and his voice is the voice of those who passed but are present ..

The German philosopher of Jewish origin, related to Bertolt Brecht, Theodor Adorno and the Frankfurt School, has left us his thought, which is not without semantic difficulties to address with clarity, precisely because its vagueness suggests different interpretations. In principle influenced by Jewish mysticism and later by historical materialism, he sought a synthesis that would project a development philosophy that would enable it to give a valid response to the challenges of their generation.

Their contributions are at the same time, wealth and current permanent. Perhaps because in them the role of the victim (forgotten and / or defeated) is central. It will also consider issues such as mass culture, socio-political function of the transmission of knowledge, language and translation, art and technology. Walter Benjamin

he lived in Germany in the early twentieth century, participating in the two world wars and marked by the arrival of Nazi fascism, his anguish and despair are reflected in all his works, but they also have a intended to give an answer, beyond the desperate diagnosis.

His suicide in 1940 at age 48, en Port Bou cerca de la frontera entre España y Francia, cuando intentaba escapar de la Francia ocupada por los nazis, cercenó la vida de uno de los filósofos más relevantes de su época.

Digno de destacar en su pensamiento es la “hermenéutica del peligro”, la que se puede apreciar en su obra “Tesis sobre filosofía de la historia”, de la que a continuación presento una reseña breve y un comentario sobre su persona y su obra que aparecen en el excelente blog de historia: El espejo de Clio


Walter Benjamin y las lecciones de una Historia vista a "Contrapelo"

No existe documento de cultura que no sea a la
time document of barbarism ... therefore, the historical materialist
be as far away as possible.
sees its mission is to go through the brush history against the grain (Walter Benjamin,
On the concept of history, thesis VII, c. 1940)
Continue reading here


Theses on the Philosophy of history . (1940)


is noteworthy that there has been, reportedly, an automaton constructed in such a way that was able to replicate to every move of a chess player with another counter move which assured win. A doll dressed in the Turkish, in the mouth a hookah pipe, sat at table spacious resting on a table. A mirror system aroused the illusion that this table was transparent from all sides. Actually sat in a little hunchback who was a teacher in the game of chess and guided by the hand of the puppet strings. We can imagine an equivalent of this device in philosophy. Continue reading


here.

Inurl:live View/-axis

Protestant Churches in Nazi Germany. (Conclusion and concluding questions.)



In October 1945, and after the war and others led by Martin Niemöller and Hans Asmussen took out the last act of the Bekennende Kirche in the name of all German Protestants made a statement Public guilt is known como la Confesión de Stuttgart.
En ella se afirma: “Con gran dolor decimos: mal infinito fue llevado por nosotros a muchos países y pueblos.”


Nunca ha sido la intención de estas notas el juicio moral o espiritual sobre las Iglesias Protestantes de Alemania en el período que corre entre 1933-1945 y que estuvo signado por el totalitarismo nazi fascista de Hitler. Pero sí que sirvieran para un acercamiento al tema que permita esbozar una reflexión despojada de todo apasionamiento.

Hitler contó con el apoyo de gran parte de los protestantes alemanes de todos los estamentos en 1933, y hubo muy pocos , como Bonhoeffer , que desde un comienzo discernieron claramente quién era Hitler and what their true intentions.
However, the developments served to begin promptly divide the waters between those who were willing to follow Hitler and accept its policies of assimilation of Christianity to Nazism and those who stand up to any distortion of the gospel and Christ's role as Lord of His Church.

In principle, this was evidenced in the clash between the Deutsche Christen, or the Church of the Reich (pun intended "Reich", not of Christ) and the Bekennende Kirche or Church Confessional.
But with the passage of time, also between the latter will be significant divisions between the majority fraction, moderate , Which sought to retain some margin as spiritual organism and those of the minority and radical that they were unwilling to make any concessions to Hitler and his regime. These exceeded the bounds of your institution to take in hand the responsibility that they could be as Christians and to give sufficient response to the Bekennende was not working.

Protestant churches may not have a monolithic response to National. However, the different nuances and levels of responses, not as individual entity, but often under (remember that the Church in the spiritual is made by each particular person who confesses Christ as his faith) was for the rule of Hitler a very tough nut to crack. The Bekennende Kirche

defeated in the field of theology to their grievances Deutscher Christen and pseudo-Christians and prevented by this that, once Hitler was erected, as the sole authority of the Protestant Churches, as intended. Demonstrating that there was only one cross and that this was not the swastika.
Even with all its limitations, failures, divisions and cowardice, was the Bekennende Kirche an area where many resistance to Hitler found a place of comfort and spiritual sustenance, where others were formed (Finkenwalde), many awakened to their responsibilities and those who planned the physical elimination of Furher, never isolated or condemned. It lacked

, inevitably, the decision to throw up dialog positions that involve some security. Had a complicit silence is not justified, as we tested, with the ignorance of the facts that were happening. Lacked the courage to expose the weakest (and cruelly fails here as Church of Christ). Interestingly

clearer who had the role of opposition and resistance exercised by the Protestant Churches (with real or potential power), were Hitler and his clique who sought always different ways for them, silence them or destroy them. They tried by peaceful means theological, doctrinal, political and violent also finally sending the concentration camps and death in many cases, the pastors who have held an active opposition.

How far had responsibility for the Protestant Churches in the barbarism of Hitler and why the majority of Protestant leaders strongly defended the cause of the Jews? "His silence was complicity, cowardice or own survival strategy?

These are complex questions to answer. There are historical questions that are rooted in theological training can not be ignored.
Churches had no political power, only spiritual ministry. Understood for theological reasons that his first responsibility was to their flocks, based on that sought to protect what they understood their priorities. They used to themselves but to others as stated in the Gospel.
were unsupportive of the absence of a clear and audible complaints of injustice suffered by the Jewish people, the oppression of the weak. And those were his responsibilities as a Church.

is clear that decades of anti-Semitic discourse between the lines, subliminal, popular, implicit and explicit within and outside the churches weak consciences prepared for persecution and genocide of the Jews. And this also
cross affected the churches and their leaders conditioned response. It is now widely accepted by most researchers and although lacking in the Declaration of Stuttgart recognition by guilty silence on the persecution of the Jews, today the German Protestant churches have recognized their shortcomings in this regard.
The silence of the churches are a complex of three factors that set out the question.

leave by the end a question many have asked.

Where was God in those days if his church had this attitude of passivity and fear?

God was working through those who did not double knee to Hitler. In those not turned a deaf ear to the cries of the victims. In those who did not think about their own security but in their duty as Christians.
God acted at the time by men and women like Dietrich Bonhoeffer ), Martin Neumöller, Karl Barth, Paul Schneider, Elisabeth Schmitz, Gertrud Staewen, Hans Gruber, Friedrich Weissler, Karl Stellbrink and others who paid with jail, deportation , exile and even death, the terrible challenge of fidelity.


The fact reflect the most terrible mistakes and errors of the German Protestant Church of that time, should run parallel to value life and the attitude of men and women who were to fall for the mistake, by the silent complicity or indifference. Men and women
the extent possible and in many cases beyond their forces were loyal to their Christian consciences.
We named a few, but go on these names to represent all German Protestants who remained in the anonymity of history, but had the same attitude and form part of, that great cloud of witnesses watching us from eternity. Daniel Pisoni








recommended reading on the subject, which provide different views, opinions and points of view: Arbeitsgemeinschaft

Kirchliche Zeitgeschichtler.John S. Conway, Editor. University of British Columbia Widerstand.Dr
Gedenkstätte Deutscher. Peter Steinbach.Dr. Johannes Tuchel.Ute Stiepani, MA
Lutheranism and Shoah: career and desafíos.Reinhard Boettcher. International Council of Christians and Jews.
The Trial of German Major War Criminals.2da.Sesion.Bormann. (Document)
The German Resistance against Koehn.Alianza Hitler.Barbara Editorial. Causes
Sagradas.Michael Burleigh.Taurus
Hitler.Daniel's Willing Executioners Goldhagen.Taurus
The Confessing Church and the Persecution of the Jews. Wolfgang Gerlach.University Nebraska Press.
The Role of the Churches.Victoria Burnett.Dimension.Vol 12.N # 2

Temezapam How Many Miligrams

Protestant Churches in Nazi Germany (4).

Months before the start of World War II Hitler an offensive attempt to end the Bekennende Kirche. Through Reichkircheministerium (Ministry of Culture) prohibits the Protestant Churches of Germany all fellowship with evangelical churches abroad (they had a decisive participation in protests against the abuses of Hitler and support for radical Bekennende).
But besides declaring the National natural continuity of the Reformation, following the criteria of national exclusiveness, racial prejudice and strong anti-Semitism. This was the doctrine of the Deutscher Christen and total subversion of Christianity.
The Bekennende rejects Kirche this pose. Occur immediately
repressive measures such as closure of the workshops where were the pastors of the Confessing Church, including the famous Finkenwalde (pictured) who led Dietrich Bonhoeffer) and monitoring and pressure pastors Gestapo regime opponents, sending some of them to concentration camps.

Paradoxically, this led the moderate wing of the Bekennende reconsider its position and began to join the radical wing in opposition to Hitler's totalitarianism. Shortly after the shepherds Wurm and Meiser withdraw their signatures from the statement that distanced themselves from the radicals. In 1940 Wurm
protest on behalf of all Bekennende Kirche, against killing by the regime of the mentally ill and deportations of Jews, especially those who converted to Protestantism and showing that the government's decision was not religious, which was already ignominious, but racial insanely.
also begin to intensify contacts with the Kreisau Circle, which brings together conservative resistance characters, who opposed Hitler and planned to remove it physically.

In June 1941, generated a decree reserved by Martin Bormann and says that for the first time in German history the Fuehrer consciously and completely has the leadership of the people into their own hands.
opinion that the Nazi Party, its components and attached units, the Fuehrer has created for itself, and therefore to the leadership of the German Reich, an instrument that makes it independent of Churches.
That all influences that may reduce or damage the leadership of the people exercised by the Fuehrer with the help of the NSDAP should be eliminated and increasingly has been to separate the people from the churches and their representatives, the pastors.
And finally, the state should eliminate the possibility of the church to influence the German people.

this time and some people going beyond the limitations of the institution of Bekennende and limited actions, decide to take personal ways of Resistance and opposition to Hitler, including the already mentioned Dietrich Bonhoeffer) who was imprisoned and later executed in Flossenburg concentration camp, but there were others like Gertrud Elisabeth Schmitz or Staewen, the Church of Berlin Dahlem, also take action and decide to take measures to help the persecuted, obtaining for them identity papers, food for the escapees of the deportations and refuge for Jews. Gertrud be so arrested by the Gestapo but would survive the war. Similarly

Pastor Paul Schneider Hochelheim through his ministry and his sermons did not stop Bury the barbarism of Nazism represented in those days, urging the Church to be faithful to Christ and not hypocritical and fearful. Would be arrested by the Gestapo and sent to Buchenwald where he died. Pastor Karl
Stellbrink of Lubeck, who would be martyred by the Nazis in Hamburg in 1943 for his activities in opposition to Nazism, is another of those who did not spare his life in order to be faithful Christians in the darkest times in history Germany.

Man Ejaculating Into Woman

Protestant Churches in Nazi Germany (3).

In 1936 there is a turning point in relations between the Protestant Churches and Hitler. It quickly understands that its policy of domination of the church is paying off and choose to abandon the original idea through a Reich Church and devote efforts to weaken the Bekennende Kirche.
The latter had developed signs of discord between those who viewed a total break with the regime and keep advocating moderation.
The parties responded on the one hand, those representatives of the churches that were in areas dominated by DC and therefore in opposition and those under which they called the church intact.

To accentuate the division and at the same time to break the autonomy and independent management of the Confessing Church, Hitler creates the administrative Reichkircheministerium (Ministry of Culture) and Hans Kerrl appoints the head of it. This suggests the idea of \u200b\u200bregional commissions to facilitate the management and communication between church and state and invites all churches to be part of this project. This maneuver required the churches to decide to be part of the state administration or completely separated. Knowing the conflicting views within the Confessing Church, Hitler hoped to accelerate the decomposition process of this organization that was clearly opposed.

the moderate wing in principle accepted the proposal in the belief that this attitude was closed over the progress that had the DC over the churches. Not so the radical wing refused all forms together.
There is then the creation of two executive committees in the Bekennende Kirche, a sector that responds to moderate, and another to the industry Lutherrat radical Vorläufige Kirchenleitung.

Shortly before the Olympic Games in 1936, a memorandum is addressed to Hitler in the become very severe criticism and allegations of abuses of the Nazi regime. Among other things, states that the government seeks to eliminate the churches in public life and dechristianize into German society, claims that the enthronement of the idea of \u200b\u200b"race" is contrary to the Gospel which must not be sacrificed on the altar of legality of Nazi ideology, while cautioning that anti-Semitism dominant is decidedly anti-Christian. Also makes them hard mentions concentration camps, abuse of power and the cult of the Führer. This document is written by Friedrich Weissler belonging to the radical and possibly represents sector, according to several historians, the most critical document and opposed to the Nazi policy of the time, issued by an ecclesiastical institution.
The situation becomes very serious when it is leaked to the foreign press, although it was expected to keep quiet until Hitler gave an answer. Involving the Gestapo and in 1937 were arrested Weissler with two other pastors, accused of writing and delivered to foreign correspondents. In are immediately imprisoned in Sachsenhausen concentration camp, where Weissler be executed in 1938.

This however, does not frighten the radical fraction would continue batallando.En Bekennende the summer of 1936 composing a message to be read in all the pulpits of churches during the Olympics and, following the thinking of Luther and the beginning of the Reformation, encourages active resistance against a regime that opposes the divine commandments. The moderate sector Bekennende not considered prudent to read and therefore was not reading in the churches that responded to their direction.

Hitler strengthened by the prevailing division within the Bekennende decide then charge directly against the most critical sector and send Martin Niemöller arrest on charges of crime against the Third Reich. Despite international protests and the Supreme Court sentenced him only a short temporary detention, for Hitler's order is sent to the Buchenwald concentration camp (Dachau tranferírían then) as his personal prisoner. Would be released when the war ended in 1945 when the camp liberated by American troops.

In September 1938, once again propose radical Bekennende, according to the Lutheran tradition to write a prayer to be repeated in all churches. It was actually a confession to God to recognize the sin of the German people, admitting that he committed crimes, abuse and desecration. For being too castigator of reality carried out by the Nazi government, is opposed by the moderate that distance by making a declaration that is signed by the pastors who is pressured by the fear of the SS and their accusations of treason country.

This is the lowest point and the virtual breakdown in the Bekennende Kirche, between those fearful caution that trying to avoid further confrontation and its inevitable consequences and those who believed that the Nazi regime and its authorities should be fought because they represented the evil in its very essence.