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Clara Campoamor
Video on Clara Campoamor 
http://www.rtve.es/
mediateca/videos/20100727/mujeres-historia/838738.shtml
podcast Women in History: Clara Campoamor
Clara Campoamor, 1932, with women from the UR Women and on his return from Paris.
Biography
Clara Campoamor Rodriguez was born into a poor family in Madrid's Maravillas district. His father, Manuel Martinez was Campoamor book in a newspaper in Madrid and his mother, Pilar Martínez Rodríguez, was a seamstress.
After serving in various offices, including telephone operator, he joined Maurista newspaper "La Tribune" as secretary to the director, a position that allowed him to meet people and where he became interested in politics. In 1920
enrolled as a student in high school (which ends in two years) and then at the Faculty of Law, where he earned a degree in just two years. 
At 36 years becomes one of the few English lawyers and immediately begins to practice. His ideas about the equality of women approaching the PSOE
and writes the book's foreword Socialist Feminism Maria Cambrils, dedicated to Pablo Iglesias . But, never joined the party and accepted the help of this with the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera
. Created the Socialist Liberal Association, but left when no Republican could get its definition. Remained very active as a lecturer in the University Women's Association and the Academy of Jurisprudence, always defending the equal rights of women and political freedom. 
worked with Martin Jara, a friend of Manuel Azana
, on whose National Council figured at first. But, never achieved its ideal strategic: the union of all Republicans and Republican in a big party center with natural dolphin Azaña as Alejandro Lerroux 
worked with Martin Jara, a friend of Manuel Azana Clara Campaoamor lawyer
After the rebellion of Angel García Hernandez and Fermín Galán
Jaca, and the trial of the Revolutionary Committee, Clara assumed the defense of some of those involved, including his brother Ignacio.
the proclamation of the Second Republic , Clara Campoamor was elected to parliament - in 1931 women could be elected, but not vote-integrating lists Radical Party,
who had been joined by proclaiming that "republican, liberal, secular and democratic state": their own political ideology. was part of the Constitutional Commission composed of 21 deputies, and there effectively fought to establish non-discrimination on grounds of sex, the legal equality of sons and daughters have taken place within and outside marriage, divorce and universal suffrage, Often called "the female vote." Got everything except on the vote, which had to be debated in Parliament. And that's where Clara Campoamor won an eternal place in the memory of freedom in Spain.
The left, with the exception of a group of socialists and some Republicans did not want the women voted because it was assumed that this was influenced by the Church and would favor the right. Therefore, the Radical Socialist Party Clara stood in front of another deputy recognized, Victoria Kent, contrary to women voters. The debate was extraordinary and Campoamor was superior. But ultimately the approval was achieved with the support of minority rights, most of the PSOE and some Republicans.
in 1933 did not renew his seat, and in 1934 left Radical Party for its subordination to the CEDA
and excesses in suppressing the revolutionary insurrection in Asturias. But when that same year, he tried (with the mediation of Santiago Casares Quiroga) join the Republican Left (radicalsocialistas fusion, Azan and Galician), his admission was denied. He wrote and published in May 1935
, My mortal sin. The female vote and I , a testament to their parliamentary struggles. the outbreak of civil war and exile, in 1937
, published in Paris
The English Revolution seen by a Republican. 
lived a decade in Buenos Aires and earned a living translating, lecturing and writing biographies (Concepción Arenal, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Quevedo). Attempted to return to Spain in the late 1940's, but found that he was prosecuted for belonging to a Masonic lodge. 
inataló In 1955 in Lausanne (Switzerland), and worked at a law firm until he lost view. He died of cancer in April 1972.
euro coin with the image of Clara Campoamor
Other information
After the transition takes place honors and awards that are rated as poor by pro-equality organizations of women. Colleges, schools, cultural centers, parks and streets were named. The Secretariat for Equality of the Socialist Party established the "Awards Clara Campoamor" which annually recognize those individuals or groups that have meaning in the defense of women's equality.
defended Constituent Cortes in women's rights. Inescapable duty of woman who can not betray her sex, if, like me, it is judged capable of acting, by virtue of a simple feeling and a clear idea who reject the same: the hypothesis of an entity be exceptional, phenomenal worthy , as an exception among the others, to interfere with custodial functions of the male and the pass of the Greek hetaira, who was forgiven in exchange culture and mixing action of the sex trade in the spirit
" (...) resolved what you want, but face the responsibility to give input to the half of the human race in politics, that politics is about two, because there is only one thing that makes one sex only: lighting, the others do all together, and you can not come here to legislate, to vote taxes, duties dictate, to legislate on the human race on the women and the child, isolated, out of us. "
Republic, republic always, the form of government more in keeping with the natural evolution of people
'm so far from fascism and communism. I'm liberalThe right of women in Spain (1931 ) Women Voters and I, my mortal sin(The English Revolution as seen by a Republican, Ediciones Silver Spur, 2005, pp. 177-178)
- (...) My pudiéronme load all imaginary political sins of women, and pasárseme all accounts often grudge. I do not expect to happen is that a voice is raised, one of the field on the left, who I had to suffer all things, being the only ideological interests me, and still serve
isolated ("Voting women and me. "Horas.Madrid Editorial, 2006, p. 264)
- ... the as simple as fallacious division made by the government between fascists and democrats, to encourage the people, does not correspond with the truth. The heterogeneous composition of the groups that make up each of the sides
(...) shows that there are at least as many liberal elements among the rebels and anti Democrats in the government side (the English Revolution as seen by a Republican, Ediciones Spur Plata, 2005, pp. 149)
- ... total victory, complete, crushing one side over the other, the winner charged with responsibility for all errors and will provide up the basis for future propaganda, both within and outside our borders
(The English Revolution as seen by a Republican, Ediciones Silver Spur, 2005, pp. 179)
- the defendants were tortured in prison ; prisoners were shot without trial in the courtyards of the barracks and shut their eyes to the persecution and atrocities committed by police during those sixteen months. There were only three official runs: How much mercy! But there were thousands of prisoners and hundreds of dead, tortured and mutilated. Execrable cruelty! Here is the tragic balance of repression, which have been severe, but legal, clean and fair in their methods, have caused much less damage to the country.
(On the suppression of revolutionary upheaval of Asturias, in 1934)
- "On February 23, 1935, I left the Radical Party, sent to his boss (A. Lerroux) the following letter, which censorship drowned: (...)" "(...) I was not ever a matter of law, not even center-right in the game. When I appointed you to the general direction of charity, I developed it (. ..), a radical liberal and fair plan that responded at all to the spirit and letter of the party program (...). And this behavior is, Mr. Lerroux, synthesis and reflection of all its activities in its third phase of the government. The English right unconstitutional, resolute enemy of all that the Republic represented in its advent, determined enemy of the radical program, letter by letter, are not in you, before my astonished eyes, the lower dam, the slightest barrier. Rather than partner, the Radical party has fallen to be the servant of those rights (...)".
("Women's votes and me." Horas.Madrid Editorial, 2006, p. 236).
- "(..)
lack of interest and high, because here are very few things, the reasons I moved to apply for membership in the Republican Left, preferably from another party (...) After imposing infamous heinous accusations about my personal and political conduct had been meet in three months-plus dig (...), by 183 votes against 68 was decided to reject my admission Republican Left. "(" Women's votes and me. "Horas.Madrid Editorial, 2006, pp 238 - 242). The refusal of admission to another game after leaving in 1935, the Radical, disagreements with his program and repression of the revolutionary upheaval of Asturias.
To read your texts
Books written by Clara Campoamor
(1935)
. Editorial Bookseller Paris Plon, 1937
The English Revolution as seen by a Republican With a foreword by the translator of the work, Antoinette Quinche
- live thinking
- Concepción Arenal (1939) Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
- (1944) life and work of Quevedo
- (1945) Bibliography
- CAMPOAMOR, Clara (1936). Women's suffrage and me. Editorial Horas.Madrid, 2006.
- CAMPOAMOR, Clara, Revolution English seen by a Republican, ed. and trans. of English Louis Bouché
Fagoaga, Concha y SAAVEDRA, Paloma, Clara Campoamor : English suffragette , Madrid, 1981. Remade in 2006 with great collection of photographs.
LAFUENTE, Isaiah The forgotten woman, 2006. Book of Isaiah
- Lafuente who imagines a possible autobiography of Clara Campoamor but mutes all that Clara wrote about the events in Madrid in 1936. MP-1931 Clara Campoamor
- Clara Campoamor Speech in Parliament on October 1, 1931
Ladies and gentlemen: I censor away or attacking the comments of my colleague, Miss Kent, I understand, however, the torture of his mind to have seen today on the verge of denying the initial capacity of women. I think his thought has had passed, in some way, the bitter words of Anatole France when he speaks of those socialists who, forced by necessity, went to Parliament to legislate against theirs. 
Regarding the number of claims being made this afternoon against the vote of women, I must say with all the necessary consideration, which are not supported by reality. Take some of them randomly. What when women have risen to protest the war in Morocco? First, why do not men? Second: who protested and raised in Zaragoza during the war in Cuba more than women?
Who fed the demonstration by the Ateneo responsibilities, during the disaster of Annual, more than women, who were in greater numbers than men? Women! How can you say that when women show signs of life for the Republic as a reward will be granted the right to vote? Do women have fought for the Republic? Is it that in speaking in praise of women workers and women's college is not singing ability? Also, speaking of working women and college, is going to ignore all that do not belong to a class or the other? Did not they suffer the consequences of the legislation? Do not pay taxes to support the State in the same way as the other and the boys? Do not re-flow on them all the result of the legislation produced here for both sexes, but only one directed and nuanced? How can it be said that the woman has not struggled and needed a time, long years of the Republic, to demonstrate its capacity? And why not men? Why man, the advent of the Republic, must have their rights and have to put in a lazar those of women?
But also, gentlemen, that you voted for the Republic, and who you voted Republican, ponder a moment and say if you vote alone, if you only men voted. Have you been absent from the women's vote? Well then, if women assert that no influence in the political life of man, mind you-you are asserting their personality, affirming the strength to abide. What is the name of that personality, that recognize and declare your rejection, so you shut the doors to women in electoral matters? Are your right to do that? No, you have the right that has given you the law, the law that you did, but you have the fundamental natural right, based on respect for every human being, and what you do is wield power, let the woman manifest and see how that power can not continue possessor. This is not the issue from the point of view principle, obviously tired, and affects your conscience, which is an ethical problem of pure ethics recognize the woman, man, all his rights, because since Fichte, in 1796, has agreed in principle also The assumption that only he who does not consider a woman a human being is able to affirm that all human rights and citizens should not be the same for women than for men. And in the French Parliament in 1848, Victor Considerant rose to say that a constitution granting the vote to the beggar, the domestic and the illiterate, that in Spain there, can not deny it to women. Not from the standpoint of principle, from fear here has been exposed outside the top-painful thing for a lawyer, as you can come to discuss the right of women to be recognized in the Constitution to vote. And from a practical standpoint, utilitarian, what you accuse a woman? Is it ignorance? Well I can not, for statistics that are annoying, stop referring to a study of Mr. Luzuriaga about illiteracy in Spain. ago him a cyclic study from 1868 to 1910, nothing more, because the statistics are going very slowly and in Spain there is no other. And you know what that statistic says? Well said that, taking the overall numbers in the cycle from 1860 to 1910, notes that while the total number of illiterate men, far from diminishing, has increased by 73,082, that of illiterate women has decreased by 48,098, and referring to the proportionality of Illiteracy in the global population, the decline in men is a mere 12.7 per cent, while for females is 20.2 percent. This simply means that the reduction of illiteracy is faster in women than in men and that to continue this process of decline in both sexes, not only will women achieve the level of elementary culture of men, but surpass it. That in 1910. Y since 1910 has continued the upward curve, and women today are less literate than men. It is, therefore, from the point of view of ignorance from which it can deny entry to women in obtaining this right.
Another thing, also the man who has to vote. Do not forget that you are no male children only, but brings you to a product of the two sexes. In my absence, and reading the daily session, I could see a doctor he spoke here that equation was not possible and, in the spirit inherited from Moebius and Aristotle, said the inability of women.
To that, a single argument: even if you please and if by chance admit the inability of women, you vote with half of your being incompetent. I and all women who represent half we vote with our men, because there is degeneration of the sexes, because we are all children of men and women equally and receive the two parts of our being, an argument that biologists have developed. We are products of two beings, there is no possible inability of you to me or me to you. Unknown
I, gentlemen, I am a citizen before woman, and I think that would be a profound political mistake to let women outside of this right, the woman who hopes and trusts in you the woman who, as occurred with other new forces in the French revolution, is unquestionably a new force that joins the right and there but to continue to push their way.
not let the woman who, if returned, think that their hope was in the dictatorship, do not let the woman think, if advanced, it is the hope of equality communism. Do not make, gentlemen, this political error serious consequences. Salváis the Republic, the Republic atrayéndoos you help and adding that force that is looking forward to the time of redemption. Everyone talks under an experience and I will speak for my own. I am a deputy for the province of Madrid, I have traveled, not only my duty but out of affection, and often, always, I have seen that public acts came a female turnout much higher than the male, and I seen in the eyes of these women the hope of redemption, I've seen the desire to help the Republic, I seen the passion and emotion they put into their ideals. English women of the Republic is now expecting his redemption and the redemption of the child. Do not make a historic mistake that will have never enough time to mourn, that you have no time to mourn never enough to stop outside the Republic to the women, who represent a new force, a young force, which has been sympathy and support for men who were in prison, which has suffered in many cases such as yourselves, and you're eager, to apply itself Humboldt's phrase that the only way to mature for the exercise of freedom and make it accessible to all is to walk into it.
gentlemen, I have spoken my last words in this debate. Forgive me if I disturbed you, I think it is my conviction that speaks, that would defend against an ideal to death, that would, as I said yesterday, the head and heart on the side of the scale, just as he placed his sword Breno , to be inclined to vote for women, and also keep thinking, not vanity, but by inner conviction that no one like me now serves the English Republic.
Links:
article Manuel de la Fuente on ABC
Clara Campoamor speech in Parliament on October 1, 1931
Review of the Country on view
The English Revolution by a Republican
Brief portrait of Clara Campoamor Women in Freemasonry during the Second Republic, Ortiz Natividad Albear
- Bulletin of the Grand Lodge Women of Spain: Clara Campoamor
- English literary exile in 1939: Proceedings of the First International Congress, 1995
- Friends of the Madrid Forum. Clara Campoamor, by Gonzalo de la Sen http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Campoamor
- http://perso.wanadoo. com / larevolucion / semblanza.htm
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