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Karl Barth, Barmen and freedom of conscience.

Among the fundamental elements of the Bekennende Kirche (Confessing Church in English) we find the Barmen Synod, which took place between 29 and 31 May 1934, in Barmen, Germany and the declaration issued and authenticated by the 139 delegates sent by the church authorities. It was the first representation of a fledgling organization that was to oppose Hitler's plans Nazified Protestant Christianity.

correctly is often said that much of the theological foundation of the Barmen Declaration is due to the thought of Karl Barth and his statement: "The church must remain church and church must become." Here the view of the limits of secular state and the Church are clear and definitive and skills are different .
dogmatic speeches will be crucial because the arguments easily dismantled for Deutscher Christen leading to an autocracy of the State and its intervention in matters of faith and dogma. Barth

along the line of thought of Augustine and Luther, deepening the two areas of action (the two realms) are independent but subject to God.
The state has a divine character (authority to provide law and order), but this will imply a moral principle of respect for the Church to the State is a must see, if you want to have legitimacy. This leads, according to Barth to reject any theory of thought that claims that the State is the sole and total authority or that the Church is a state domain. Barth
At the same time say that the struggle of the Church is spiritual and not political, and thus renounces the Church to intervene on land not his own. We

this post to highlight only some general aspects that help us to a primary approach to this important historical fact. We're going to do from the theological, but the interaction with the political moment is real and therefore inevitable; observe the argument from a biblical perspective.

Its relevance is given because this statement revealed the true essence of Christian Bekennende Kirche in contrast to the proposal Deutscher Christen the Reich Church or seeking a referral of Christianity to racist and totalitarian ideas of Hitler.

Barmen is a basic theological statement, strongly Christocentric, which consisted of six key points, based on the Bible, where it gets high the sovereignty of Christ over every other power on the part of man. In this case, says his refusal to consider the State as a source of revelation, or independent power of God. This was something I advocated the DC to strengthen the dominance of state Hitler in the eyes of believers.

The first point: Based on John 14:6 and John 10:1-9. Says Christ as the only Word of God and rejects (Damnatio) makes it possible to find in other commands (events or powers, pointing to the state of the Reich) the revelation of God.

The second point: Based on 1 Cor.1 :29-31 says there is no area of \u200b\u200blife that is not subject to the lordship of Christ (Christ is our Fuehrer and Lord of all). It affirms the authority and supremacy of Christ who has redeemed us and therefore reject any replacement for any other entity.

The third point: Arguing in Ephesians 4:14-16 says the church as a community of believers belong to Christ and must preach the Gospel. Disputes be subject to state power.

The fourth point: Seated Matthew 20:25-26 states that the Church should serve (Christ as an example) and refutes any notion of hierarchical entity with dominant purpose.

The fifth point: Grounded in 1 Peter 2:17 accepts the state as civil authority in the order of God to man, but opposes the Church must conform as his appendix. In this way, feel free to state care in the conduct of their duties.

The sixth point: Established in Matthew 28:20 and 2 Timothy 2:9 postulates that the Church must obey the command of Christ, that is their mission and the Word can not be imprisoned. Clearly

which clearly establishes the limits that the state had in their relationship with the Church and that the only answer to Christ and was not in any way obliged to submit to the Hitler regime.
Your basement will be the order of Christ's redemption (the return of Christ from Luther and conscience of sinners redeemed) and therefore a strong support in the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
At the other extreme was the idea of \u200b\u200ban order from the creation revelational who argued the DC and stated mandates, authorities and different rules to the Gospel, blended with an anthropological view, optimistic self IXX century and scientific man.

Barmen Declaration proclaims Christ as the Word of God and as Lord of His Church (Christ is the essence of the Protestant dogma.) Deny that there may be other sources of authority equivalent to it.
testifies that obedience is obedience to Christ and Christ is God's revelation. It is then legitimate theological submission to other revelations (like the story events present or earthly powers), that is to fall into false doctrines.
This is of interest to note the underlying idea that German history suggests that this (1934) does not have to be God's providence. In other words, the political and social reality is not the will of God.

The seat firmly in the Christian foundation without argument left the DC value. The confrontation in the field of theology was largely in favor of Bekennende Kirche at the expense of DC and biased reading of the Bible and the writings of Martin Luther. The concept of revelation was crucial because with this cast down the arguments that led, accepting other sources revelatory of the will of God, Hitler and his regime were emerging part of the divine.

From a pose ethical Barmen Declaration does not deny the authority of the State or subject to the civil, but the limit of that subject is the Word of God. The Church must obey when the state out of the frames of the Gospel, because the state is also subject to the sovereignty of God.

The Christian empire of the redemptive work of Jesus Christ carried out subject to it in all walks of life. There are no areas where Christ is not sovereign.
The Church consists of all believers is free (and Christ) of bonds to meet its mandate to serve others.

For a full understanding must not lose sight of the political moment of Germany and the context of pressure and subjugation that the DC and the Nazi regime had over the ordinary believer. This statement gives the theological support to all those who watched with concern and fear the progressive course that was carrying some of the Protestant churches; especially those associated with the regime.
was definitely a statement supporting freedom of conscience of Christians against the intention of ideological domination by a totalitarian government.

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Heinrich Bullinger, a reformer forgotten. Historikerstreit

forgotten Among Protestant history we can certainly tell Heinrich Bullinger.
His name is always associated with the best-known reformers such as Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, etc.pues with all of them had direct contact, but there is little that has been written about him, taking into account their contribution to the history and Protestant theology. Perhaps the long shadow
Zwingli hide it, but the fact is that Heinrich Bullinger was his successor, provided both the Swiss Reformation as its predecessor and has its own reasons to claim their place in history.

Enrolled in Reformed Protestantism, Bullinger was born in the town of Bremgarten, on July 4, 1504 in the Swiss canton of Aargau, the son of the village priest. Rhineland and studied at the University of Cologne, at that time, strongly Roman Catholic, to the point that it would be the only condemn the writings of Luther in 1519.
deep study of the Fathers of the Church, he was persuaded of the Bible as the only rule of faith, beyond the teaching of the Roman Institution and the reading of Luther's works led him the truth of the Gospel. Once

Master of Arts degree in 1523 returned to Switzerland and began working with Zwingli at Kappel, and later in Zurich, studying Hebrew and Greek and dedicated to teaching.
In 1528 he was appointed pastor and assumes the work in his hometown, shortly after marrying. Curiously, it would behoove
preach in the same church where he exercised his father, who was dismissed a few years before becoming a Protestant Christian faith. Now that the city had accepted the Reformation, his son took care of the flock.

When in 1931 following the cantonal wars, the city becomes the hands of the forces of the papacy, Bullinger was forced to emigrate to Zurich where he remained for 44 years. Zwingli
By then he had seen in the young Bullinger the endowments of a successor capable of carrying out all steps concerning the affirmation of the Reformation in German Switzerland. And he was right. Bullinger
make contact with all the reformers of the early days of Protestantism and chart a path of unity and tolerance among the reformist currents that continues today.

developed literary and scholarly profuse apostolicity defending Protestantism. He also wrote commentaries on almost all the books of the Bible and the history of the Reformation in Switzerland. Mainly bare a work of fifty doctrinal sermons, called Decades, which would be of strong influence in his time. The content was sitemático doctrinal and quickly became popular and was translated into other languages \u200b\u200blike French.

was also a devoted shepherd his flock. His life is an example of integrity, humility and service to others. When Zwingli died in the Battle of Kappel, he took charge of his widow and children. He was admired for his austerity, sacrifice and act beyond reproach.

Epistógrafo fruitful, wrote some 12,000 letters, he corresponded with the leading Protestant theologians and leaders in English, Italian, German, , French, etc. Melanchthon, Bucer, Calvin, Knox.
His relationship with Luther was difficult to separate the question of the sacrament, as his predecessor had left Zwingli established in 1529 in Marburg, but also the misunderstanding of Luther and his dogmatic action that always faced with the Swiss.
contrast with Calvin, whom he met in 1536, the ratio was more fluid, in fact, the correspondence with the theologian of Geneva is very abundant, unable to speak of submission, it is clear that both were respected and this made it possible to sign Consensus of Zurich in 1549 that led to the unification of the Swiss Reformed traditions of origin both of Geneva represented by Calvin, as represented by source Zwinglian Bullinger. It rejects both transubstantiation, as consubstantiation, and affirms the idea of \u200b\u200bthe spiritual presence of Christ in the sacrament.

is important to note two aspects of transcendental thought of Heinrich Bullinger for his time, one is the denial of arms to settle religious disputes. And the other as outlined by Zwingli, the doctrine of the Covenant, the spiritual unity of the community (civil and church) in relation to God.

Among the most significant contributions Bullinger can not fail to mention the Second Helvetic Confession in 1566, which sets out clearly and simply the doctrine Christian and was accepted by the Reformed churches not only in Switzerland but also from Scotland, France and Hungary.

His death in September 1575, left behind a life entirely devoted to the work of God, through the Reformation and bequeath to future generations a strong Christian foundation, theological, doctrinal and exemplary life.

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was left pending from a few weeks ago to briefly mention the "Dispute of the historians" or Historikerstreit, in German.

When the German historian Ernest Nolte in 1986 published in the newspaper German Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung his thoughts about the rise of Nazism, their development and action in the first half of the twentieth century, played one of the fibers, but the more sensitive of German society. Mainly because it pointed to
German National as a defensive response to the Bolshevik Soviet communism. And that, for example, the Holocaust (remember that in Germany denying the Holocaust is a crime) was an overreaction to what the Soviet Communists and Hitler had made a radical exacerbated and deplorable, but ultimately a defender Germany to the external threat.

The premise and had some background, especially when tracks in German historicism (Mommsen).
Historicism traced the history in a deterministic way, relying on evidence that there are laws that can be discovered and that govern the development of history.
From this perspective, the conservatives advocated the thesis of a "Sonderweg" or road that slid German social history, where the Nazis occupied the site of a strange anomaly that were responsible for Hitler and his clique. Parallel
German historians like James Taylor or Alan Hoogen the 60 billed at similar theories, Hitler proclaimed a opportunist who is building his power and making decisions based on mistakes and weaknesses of the opposition and the European powers.

At the same time we found that there were other historians like Eberhard Jäckel Hans Rosenberg or other lines that were historiographical and saw the rise of Nazism and its heyday as a logical and inevitable in the path of belligerence, expansionism and militarism that had been giving Prussia in Germany since 1700. Historians such as Andreas
Hillgruber or Hildebrands, meanwhile, rejected the proposal of a product of the Nazi Germany of his own political future history. Ernest Nolte

he had written in the 60's a book entitled "Der in seiner Epoche Faschismu" trying to fascism as a kind of anti-modernist, it is negative, primitive theories left to enlist in the National revisionism as "Reaktion". His article "The past does not pass" in the Frankfurter ignited the debate.

The dispute soon transcend the limits of historians and social and political would at the same time. The teacher and philosopher Jurgen Habermas confronted him from thinking of the German intellectual left.
The discussion was public, media and political ethics, it diverged in two directions, the first being "German guilt" and the second a rebirth of nationalism German while sharing the burden of responsibility, basically, with the emergence of the Bolshevik threat.


The questions began to be clear: There is continuity and therefore a logical and expected in German history, connecting this segment of history, national socialism in the early 30's, with militarism, identity and Prussian tradition? Or was the product of a National series of external circumstances (for anti-Bolshevik reaction Nolte) that Hitler had used concurrently and therefore exceptionally had appeared in the story? Continuity or Rupture? Did Hitler a preconceived plan with objectives previously (to the coming to power) defined? Or it was just a magician's intuitive international interactions with German society? Is it possible to historicize the Holocaust? Is the Holocaust a singularity?

There are several elements of weight that is necessary, although many of them contradictory, evaluating. For example, the "continuity" was something that Hitler himself said, but they will breed themselves Prussian conservatives who are closer to physically remove it.
consider the racial aspect of the scheme, which leads to extreme crime unique in the history of mankind, to be something typical of National Socialism and that it exerts very powerful distinctive history. But also necessary to assess the density of anti-Semitism in Germany of the early twentieth century, its origin and development.

If the Holocaust is not historicized, from the point of view of the comparison (not from the relativity), we find a unique phenomenon, with clear responsibilities and unique.
If we place it as an unfortunate event, as sad as others that occurred throughout the history of mankind, its leaders are as guilty as others.
On the other hand, if the National, their actions and consequences were an expected result the evolution of German history from two centuries earlier is a definite fault lies with the collective. But if the Nazi regime was the product of a series of interactions, internal and external, where the figure of Hitler emerges as alien to German history, and there is a trigger factor (in case the Bolshevik threat), then the syndrome guilt, tends to blur in a larger context.

In conclusion we can say that the debate is much broader than we can cover here and these are only approximations to a particularly complex matter involving a German company in the perception of that past, its history and tragedy.

Jurgen Habermas spoke of "historical consciousness" of public use of history, perhaps there lies its importance in determining what it is for the companies of today to stand before history's own recent past, without taboos, but with the responsibility know, that past, for better or for worse this condition their mind and probably will mark its future.

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victims of history and Walter Benjamin.



Walter Benjamin is a thinker who has long wanted to note at this blog, mainly because of their sensitivity to the victims of violence in human history, building on his speech (not deconstruction) memory and his voice is the voice of those who passed but are present ..

The German philosopher of Jewish origin, related to Bertolt Brecht, Theodor Adorno and the Frankfurt School, has left us his thought, which is not without semantic difficulties to address with clarity, precisely because its vagueness suggests different interpretations. In principle influenced by Jewish mysticism and later by historical materialism, he sought a synthesis that would project a development philosophy that would enable it to give a valid response to the challenges of their generation.

Their contributions are at the same time, wealth and current permanent. Perhaps because in them the role of the victim (forgotten and / or defeated) is central. It will also consider issues such as mass culture, socio-political function of the transmission of knowledge, language and translation, art and technology. Walter Benjamin

he lived in Germany in the early twentieth century, participating in the two world wars and marked by the arrival of Nazi fascism, his anguish and despair are reflected in all his works, but they also have a intended to give an answer, beyond the desperate diagnosis.

His suicide in 1940 at age 48, en Port Bou cerca de la frontera entre España y Francia, cuando intentaba escapar de la Francia ocupada por los nazis, cercenó la vida de uno de los filósofos más relevantes de su época.

Digno de destacar en su pensamiento es la “hermenéutica del peligro”, la que se puede apreciar en su obra “Tesis sobre filosofía de la historia”, de la que a continuación presento una reseña breve y un comentario sobre su persona y su obra que aparecen en el excelente blog de historia: El espejo de Clio


Walter Benjamin y las lecciones de una Historia vista a "Contrapelo"

No existe documento de cultura que no sea a la
time document of barbarism ... therefore, the historical materialist
be as far away as possible.
sees its mission is to go through the brush history against the grain (Walter Benjamin,
On the concept of history, thesis VII, c. 1940)
Continue reading here


Theses on the Philosophy of history . (1940)


is noteworthy that there has been, reportedly, an automaton constructed in such a way that was able to replicate to every move of a chess player with another counter move which assured win. A doll dressed in the Turkish, in the mouth a hookah pipe, sat at table spacious resting on a table. A mirror system aroused the illusion that this table was transparent from all sides. Actually sat in a little hunchback who was a teacher in the game of chess and guided by the hand of the puppet strings. We can imagine an equivalent of this device in philosophy. Continue reading


here.

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Protestant Churches in Nazi Germany. (Conclusion and concluding questions.)



In October 1945, and after the war and others led by Martin Niemöller and Hans Asmussen took out the last act of the Bekennende Kirche in the name of all German Protestants made a statement Public guilt is known como la Confesión de Stuttgart.
En ella se afirma: “Con gran dolor decimos: mal infinito fue llevado por nosotros a muchos países y pueblos.”


Nunca ha sido la intención de estas notas el juicio moral o espiritual sobre las Iglesias Protestantes de Alemania en el período que corre entre 1933-1945 y que estuvo signado por el totalitarismo nazi fascista de Hitler. Pero sí que sirvieran para un acercamiento al tema que permita esbozar una reflexión despojada de todo apasionamiento.

Hitler contó con el apoyo de gran parte de los protestantes alemanes de todos los estamentos en 1933, y hubo muy pocos , como Bonhoeffer , que desde un comienzo discernieron claramente quién era Hitler and what their true intentions.
However, the developments served to begin promptly divide the waters between those who were willing to follow Hitler and accept its policies of assimilation of Christianity to Nazism and those who stand up to any distortion of the gospel and Christ's role as Lord of His Church.

In principle, this was evidenced in the clash between the Deutsche Christen, or the Church of the Reich (pun intended "Reich", not of Christ) and the Bekennende Kirche or Church Confessional.
But with the passage of time, also between the latter will be significant divisions between the majority fraction, moderate , Which sought to retain some margin as spiritual organism and those of the minority and radical that they were unwilling to make any concessions to Hitler and his regime. These exceeded the bounds of your institution to take in hand the responsibility that they could be as Christians and to give sufficient response to the Bekennende was not working.

Protestant churches may not have a monolithic response to National. However, the different nuances and levels of responses, not as individual entity, but often under (remember that the Church in the spiritual is made by each particular person who confesses Christ as his faith) was for the rule of Hitler a very tough nut to crack. The Bekennende Kirche

defeated in the field of theology to their grievances Deutscher Christen and pseudo-Christians and prevented by this that, once Hitler was erected, as the sole authority of the Protestant Churches, as intended. Demonstrating that there was only one cross and that this was not the swastika.
Even with all its limitations, failures, divisions and cowardice, was the Bekennende Kirche an area where many resistance to Hitler found a place of comfort and spiritual sustenance, where others were formed (Finkenwalde), many awakened to their responsibilities and those who planned the physical elimination of Furher, never isolated or condemned. It lacked

, inevitably, the decision to throw up dialog positions that involve some security. Had a complicit silence is not justified, as we tested, with the ignorance of the facts that were happening. Lacked the courage to expose the weakest (and cruelly fails here as Church of Christ). Interestingly

clearer who had the role of opposition and resistance exercised by the Protestant Churches (with real or potential power), were Hitler and his clique who sought always different ways for them, silence them or destroy them. They tried by peaceful means theological, doctrinal, political and violent also finally sending the concentration camps and death in many cases, the pastors who have held an active opposition.

How far had responsibility for the Protestant Churches in the barbarism of Hitler and why the majority of Protestant leaders strongly defended the cause of the Jews? "His silence was complicity, cowardice or own survival strategy?

These are complex questions to answer. There are historical questions that are rooted in theological training can not be ignored.
Churches had no political power, only spiritual ministry. Understood for theological reasons that his first responsibility was to their flocks, based on that sought to protect what they understood their priorities. They used to themselves but to others as stated in the Gospel.
were unsupportive of the absence of a clear and audible complaints of injustice suffered by the Jewish people, the oppression of the weak. And those were his responsibilities as a Church.

is clear that decades of anti-Semitic discourse between the lines, subliminal, popular, implicit and explicit within and outside the churches weak consciences prepared for persecution and genocide of the Jews. And this also
cross affected the churches and their leaders conditioned response. It is now widely accepted by most researchers and although lacking in the Declaration of Stuttgart recognition by guilty silence on the persecution of the Jews, today the German Protestant churches have recognized their shortcomings in this regard.
The silence of the churches are a complex of three factors that set out the question.

leave by the end a question many have asked.

Where was God in those days if his church had this attitude of passivity and fear?

God was working through those who did not double knee to Hitler. In those not turned a deaf ear to the cries of the victims. In those who did not think about their own security but in their duty as Christians.
God acted at the time by men and women like Dietrich Bonhoeffer ), Martin Neumöller, Karl Barth, Paul Schneider, Elisabeth Schmitz, Gertrud Staewen, Hans Gruber, Friedrich Weissler, Karl Stellbrink and others who paid with jail, deportation , exile and even death, the terrible challenge of fidelity.


The fact reflect the most terrible mistakes and errors of the German Protestant Church of that time, should run parallel to value life and the attitude of men and women who were to fall for the mistake, by the silent complicity or indifference. Men and women
the extent possible and in many cases beyond their forces were loyal to their Christian consciences.
We named a few, but go on these names to represent all German Protestants who remained in the anonymity of history, but had the same attitude and form part of, that great cloud of witnesses watching us from eternity. Daniel Pisoni








recommended reading on the subject, which provide different views, opinions and points of view: Arbeitsgemeinschaft

Kirchliche Zeitgeschichtler.John S. Conway, Editor. University of British Columbia Widerstand.Dr
Gedenkstätte Deutscher. Peter Steinbach.Dr. Johannes Tuchel.Ute Stiepani, MA
Lutheranism and Shoah: career and desafíos.Reinhard Boettcher. International Council of Christians and Jews.
The Trial of German Major War Criminals.2da.Sesion.Bormann. (Document)
The German Resistance against Koehn.Alianza Hitler.Barbara Editorial. Causes
Sagradas.Michael Burleigh.Taurus
Hitler.Daniel's Willing Executioners Goldhagen.Taurus
The Confessing Church and the Persecution of the Jews. Wolfgang Gerlach.University Nebraska Press.
The Role of the Churches.Victoria Burnett.Dimension.Vol 12.N # 2

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Protestant Churches in Nazi Germany (4).

Months before the start of World War II Hitler an offensive attempt to end the Bekennende Kirche. Through Reichkircheministerium (Ministry of Culture) prohibits the Protestant Churches of Germany all fellowship with evangelical churches abroad (they had a decisive participation in protests against the abuses of Hitler and support for radical Bekennende).
But besides declaring the National natural continuity of the Reformation, following the criteria of national exclusiveness, racial prejudice and strong anti-Semitism. This was the doctrine of the Deutscher Christen and total subversion of Christianity.
The Bekennende rejects Kirche this pose. Occur immediately
repressive measures such as closure of the workshops where were the pastors of the Confessing Church, including the famous Finkenwalde (pictured) who led Dietrich Bonhoeffer) and monitoring and pressure pastors Gestapo regime opponents, sending some of them to concentration camps.

Paradoxically, this led the moderate wing of the Bekennende reconsider its position and began to join the radical wing in opposition to Hitler's totalitarianism. Shortly after the shepherds Wurm and Meiser withdraw their signatures from the statement that distanced themselves from the radicals. In 1940 Wurm
protest on behalf of all Bekennende Kirche, against killing by the regime of the mentally ill and deportations of Jews, especially those who converted to Protestantism and showing that the government's decision was not religious, which was already ignominious, but racial insanely.
also begin to intensify contacts with the Kreisau Circle, which brings together conservative resistance characters, who opposed Hitler and planned to remove it physically.

In June 1941, generated a decree reserved by Martin Bormann and says that for the first time in German history the Fuehrer consciously and completely has the leadership of the people into their own hands.
opinion that the Nazi Party, its components and attached units, the Fuehrer has created for itself, and therefore to the leadership of the German Reich, an instrument that makes it independent of Churches.
That all influences that may reduce or damage the leadership of the people exercised by the Fuehrer with the help of the NSDAP should be eliminated and increasingly has been to separate the people from the churches and their representatives, the pastors.
And finally, the state should eliminate the possibility of the church to influence the German people.

this time and some people going beyond the limitations of the institution of Bekennende and limited actions, decide to take personal ways of Resistance and opposition to Hitler, including the already mentioned Dietrich Bonhoeffer) who was imprisoned and later executed in Flossenburg concentration camp, but there were others like Gertrud Elisabeth Schmitz or Staewen, the Church of Berlin Dahlem, also take action and decide to take measures to help the persecuted, obtaining for them identity papers, food for the escapees of the deportations and refuge for Jews. Gertrud be so arrested by the Gestapo but would survive the war. Similarly

Pastor Paul Schneider Hochelheim through his ministry and his sermons did not stop Bury the barbarism of Nazism represented in those days, urging the Church to be faithful to Christ and not hypocritical and fearful. Would be arrested by the Gestapo and sent to Buchenwald where he died. Pastor Karl
Stellbrink of Lubeck, who would be martyred by the Nazis in Hamburg in 1943 for his activities in opposition to Nazism, is another of those who did not spare his life in order to be faithful Christians in the darkest times in history Germany.

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Protestant Churches in Nazi Germany (3).

In 1936 there is a turning point in relations between the Protestant Churches and Hitler. It quickly understands that its policy of domination of the church is paying off and choose to abandon the original idea through a Reich Church and devote efforts to weaken the Bekennende Kirche.
The latter had developed signs of discord between those who viewed a total break with the regime and keep advocating moderation.
The parties responded on the one hand, those representatives of the churches that were in areas dominated by DC and therefore in opposition and those under which they called the church intact.

To accentuate the division and at the same time to break the autonomy and independent management of the Confessing Church, Hitler creates the administrative Reichkircheministerium (Ministry of Culture) and Hans Kerrl appoints the head of it. This suggests the idea of \u200b\u200bregional commissions to facilitate the management and communication between church and state and invites all churches to be part of this project. This maneuver required the churches to decide to be part of the state administration or completely separated. Knowing the conflicting views within the Confessing Church, Hitler hoped to accelerate the decomposition process of this organization that was clearly opposed.

the moderate wing in principle accepted the proposal in the belief that this attitude was closed over the progress that had the DC over the churches. Not so the radical wing refused all forms together.
There is then the creation of two executive committees in the Bekennende Kirche, a sector that responds to moderate, and another to the industry Lutherrat radical Vorläufige Kirchenleitung.

Shortly before the Olympic Games in 1936, a memorandum is addressed to Hitler in the become very severe criticism and allegations of abuses of the Nazi regime. Among other things, states that the government seeks to eliminate the churches in public life and dechristianize into German society, claims that the enthronement of the idea of \u200b\u200b"race" is contrary to the Gospel which must not be sacrificed on the altar of legality of Nazi ideology, while cautioning that anti-Semitism dominant is decidedly anti-Christian. Also makes them hard mentions concentration camps, abuse of power and the cult of the Führer. This document is written by Friedrich Weissler belonging to the radical and possibly represents sector, according to several historians, the most critical document and opposed to the Nazi policy of the time, issued by an ecclesiastical institution.
The situation becomes very serious when it is leaked to the foreign press, although it was expected to keep quiet until Hitler gave an answer. Involving the Gestapo and in 1937 were arrested Weissler with two other pastors, accused of writing and delivered to foreign correspondents. In are immediately imprisoned in Sachsenhausen concentration camp, where Weissler be executed in 1938.

This however, does not frighten the radical fraction would continue batallando.En Bekennende the summer of 1936 composing a message to be read in all the pulpits of churches during the Olympics and, following the thinking of Luther and the beginning of the Reformation, encourages active resistance against a regime that opposes the divine commandments. The moderate sector Bekennende not considered prudent to read and therefore was not reading in the churches that responded to their direction.

Hitler strengthened by the prevailing division within the Bekennende decide then charge directly against the most critical sector and send Martin Niemöller arrest on charges of crime against the Third Reich. Despite international protests and the Supreme Court sentenced him only a short temporary detention, for Hitler's order is sent to the Buchenwald concentration camp (Dachau tranferírían then) as his personal prisoner. Would be released when the war ended in 1945 when the camp liberated by American troops.

In September 1938, once again propose radical Bekennende, according to the Lutheran tradition to write a prayer to be repeated in all churches. It was actually a confession to God to recognize the sin of the German people, admitting that he committed crimes, abuse and desecration. For being too castigator of reality carried out by the Nazi government, is opposed by the moderate that distance by making a declaration that is signed by the pastors who is pressured by the fear of the SS and their accusations of treason country.

This is the lowest point and the virtual breakdown in the Bekennende Kirche, between those fearful caution that trying to avoid further confrontation and its inevitable consequences and those who believed that the Nazi regime and its authorities should be fought because they represented the evil in its very essence.